默想耶稣:风暴中的真相
by hon | January 17, 2025 | Bulletin, 牧者分享 | 0 Comments
(海上)忽然起了狂风,波浪不断地打进船来,舱里积满了水。耶稣却在船尾靠着枕头睡着了。门徒把他叫醒,对他说:“老师,我们要死了,你不管吗?”耶稣起来,斥责了风,又对海说:“不要作声!安静吧!”风就停止,大大地平静了。然后对他们说:“为什么这样胆怯呢?你们怎么没有信心呢?”门徒非常惧怕,彼此说:“这到底是谁,连风和海都听从他?”(可4:37-41,新译本)
耶稣平静风和海的事件是我们都耳熟能详的,其中关于“信心”的学习更是查经班、讲台、主日学、属灵书籍等常常出现的重要教导。
17世纪荷兰黄金时代最主要的代表画家林布兰(Rembrandt H. van Rijn)就于1633年,根据马可这段经文,创作了一幅题为“加利利海上的风暴”(Christ in the Storm of the Sea of Galilee)的有名画作,作为画家自己对这段经文的诠释和理解。
在画中,林布兰以他擅长的光—暗布局,将画作对角分割成两半,左边光亮处可见5名门徒正苦苦与风浪搏斗,企图控制住船帆已被风暴撕裂的渔船;右边的暗影里则有另外余下的门徒或无助或惊惶地向才醒过来的耶稣求助,其中一名甚至已经被晃得作呕了*。整幅画作生动地将马可的记载——尤其是门徒们在那当下的各种情绪——呈现在观赏者面前,很能把人带进当时的场景里。
事实上,除了马可福音之外,这起事件在另外两卷符类福音书(Synoptic Gospels)中也有记载,只不过马可的记载最为有趣,有着更多的细节描述。看看这3段平行经文——
马可4:35-41 | 马太8:23-27 | 路加8:22-25 |
---|---|---|
当天黄昏,耶稣对门徒说:“我们渡到海那边去吧。” 门徒离开群众,耶稣已经在船上,他们就载他过去,也有别的船和他同去。 忽然起了狂风,波浪不断地打进船来,舱里积满了水。 耶稣却在船尾靠着枕头睡着了。门徒把他叫醒,对他说:“老师,我们要死了,你不管吗?” 耶稣起来,斥责了风,又对海说:“不要作声!安静吧!”风就停止,大大地平静了。 然后对他们说:“为什么这样胆怯呢?你们怎么没有信心呢?” 门徒非常惧怕,彼此说:“这到底是谁,连风和海都听从他?” | 耶稣上了船,门徒跟着他。 忽然海上起了狂风,甚至船都被波涛掩盖,但耶稣却睡着了。 他们走来把他叫醒,说:“主啊!救命啊!我们没命了!” 耶稣却对他们说:“小信的人哪!为什么害怕呢?”他就起来斥责风和海,风浪就完全平静了。 众人都惊奇,说:“这是什么人,连风和海也听从他?” | 有一天,耶稣和门徒上了船,他对他们说:“我们渡到海那边去吧。”他们就开了船。 船行的时候,他睡着了。海上忽然起了狂风,他们全身湿透,非常危险。 门徒来叫醒耶稣,说:“主啊!主啊!我们没命了!”他醒过来,斥责风浪,风浪就止息、平静了。 耶稣对他们说:“你们的信心在哪里?”他们又惧怕、又希奇,彼此说:“这到底是谁?他吩咐风浪,连风浪也听从他。” |
这里,就有几处值得留意的不同点。首先,在马可的记载里,我们看到当海上忽然风浪大作,众人都慌乱恐惧的时候,耶稣不仅只是像马太和路加所说的“睡着了”,更是“靠着枕头睡着了”,正是睡得香甜安稳,与四下里紧张的处境分外格格不入,形成了极其强烈的对比;而事后回看,这似乎已暗示着之后会发生的神迹,只不过在那紧急的当下,门徒们根本无法把握这个可能性。
其次,就是门徒对睡梦正酣的耶稣的反应。马太和路加的着眼点,是门徒们面对灭顶厄运时的惧怕和紧张,所以他们呼喊:“主啊!我们没命了!”但是马可除了描述门徒们的害怕之外,还加上了隐约的埋怨:“我们要死了,你不管吗?”老实说,如果换是我们身处那当下,也许也是这样的情绪,可能更为激烈也说不定——都已经什么状况了,身为老师的还睡得这么香?他难道真的对他的跟随者一点都不管不顾么?但问题是:他们到底想要他们的老师做些什么?想要他跟他们一起设法稳住渔船?想要他为当时的处境祷告,求神救助?抑或想要他行神迹平静风浪?若是后者的话,那为什么当风浪真的平静后,他们却不见欢喜只有惧怕呢?
他们到底以为他们的老师可以做些什么?这恰恰就是耶稣后来质疑他们的信心的原因。
第三个不同点,在于耶稣对风和海的斥责。三卷福音书都提到耶稣就起身/醒来,然后斥责风和海;但是,马可还记载了耶稣这么对海说:“不要作声!安静吧!”在希腊原文中,这两个字都是使用祈使(命令)语气(imperative mood),也就是说,耶稣乃是命令风和海安静下来,而风和海竟然就乖乖听从了!另外,如果当时门徒们不是那么紧张惊慌的话,他们应该会记得在迦百农时,耶稣也曾经在会堂里斥责一个污灵,把它从一个可怜人身上赶出来;他当时就是以同样的命令语气,用了同样一个希腊字, “住口!……”(φιμόω (fimoō))(可1:25a)
这三处更为仔细的描述,就为接下来发生的两件事作了更好的铺垫:(1)耶稣质问门徒们的信心,以及(2)门徒们的疑问:“这到底是谁/这是什么人?”
当耶稣问门徒:“你们怎么没有信心?/你们的信心在哪里?”当耶稣称门徒为“小信”时,他指的到底是什么“信心”?相信他能够行神迹的信心?相信他的祷告能够转危为安的信心?相信……?都是,但也不尽然。因为这一些的“信心”,其实都必须建立在另一个更为基本的信心之上——对耶稣身份的相信。
在这起事件以前,门徒们已经跟随耶稣有一段时日了,也再三地从耶稣的所言(教导讲论)所行(神迹奇事)见证了神国度的开启。比起只听到比喻的众人,他们有耶稣自己为他们讲解比喻,本来应该多多少少对耶稣原来就是神的能力与救赎的临在有一定的认知和认识,但是在这风暴中,他们很显然的还没有把握到这个真相,因此耶稣的沉沉入睡让他们心焦如焚,甚至对他的看似无动于衷颇有微言;也因此,他们很可能错过了耶稣是如何带着权柄地命令风浪静止,而当风暴在耶稣的命令下平静下来时,他们表现的,不是松一口气,不是得救的欢喜,反而是“非常惧怕”,并且满怀疑惑地彼此对问:“这到底是谁?”……
马可这段着墨更多的记载,让整起平静风和海事件更为立体和生动,也帮助我们得窥风暴所揭示的两个真相。第一个就是门徒问题的答案:“这到底是谁?”
在犹太人的认知中,以色列的神耶和华是时间与空间的创造主,因此理所当然的是掌管历史与大自然的神。他们许多伟大的先知们尽管能行许多的神迹奇事,但是,一旦来到大自然的掌控与驾驭,一定是凭借着耶和华神的权柄和命令的;从来没有一个人(即便伟大如摩西)像耶稣那样直接向大自然发号施令而大自然也欣然领命的。尤有甚者,耶稣不仅是命令大自然,他命令的乃是桀骜不驯的狂风和暴雨!一如创世之初,神叫混沌的空虚和无序的渊面成为井然有序、能以维系生命的乐园。“这到底是谁?”的答案呼之欲出,只是,没有任何一个虔诚的犹太人能够想象这样的可能性。
而这也与第二个真相息息相关。那就是:信心的本质?
风平浪静之后,耶稣向门徒的提问其实也是给予他们的一个挑战,让他们能够重新省视他们的所谓“相信”。耶稣能够医病赶鬼,能够带着权柄教导,这些他们都亲眼看见亲耳听见,自然能够相信。但是,他们相信的,到底是那些事件那些教导本身,还是致使这些事件这些教导成为可能的耶稣?即便他们相信的是耶稣,他们到底是不是真的按着耶稣所说的来认识他?加利利海上,风浪骤起,他们一众人等(其中几个还是经验老到的渔夫)却惊惶失措,在在显示了他们对耶稣认识的不足,也因此暴露了他们信心的缺失。
耶稣平静风和海的事件是我们耳熟能详的。也许在我们定意“学像耶稣”时,这段经文能够重新教导我们好好按着神的话语来认定耶稣是谁,并在这样的基础上去相信他,然后,我们的效法他才不会沦为表象,才不至于经不起风和海的打击。
(*林布兰的画中,除了神色自若的耶稣之外,另外有12+1位门徒;第13位是身穿浅蓝色服饰,紧握桅缆,面向画作观赏者的年轻人;一般学者都认同这乃是画家本人。把自己画进画作里是当时代画家们很普遍的做法。)
Puzzling Passages #6 – Worth of the Unborn
by Chang Loong | January 9, 2025 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
Puzzling Passage: Exodus 21:22-25 (NRSV vs ESV)
NRSV –
22 “When people who are fighting injure a pregnant woman so that there is a miscarriage and yet no further harm follows, the one responsible shall be fined what the woman’s husband demands, paying as much as the judges determine.
23 If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
ESV –
22 “When men strive together and hit a pregnant woman, so that her children come out, but there is no harm, the one who hit her shall surely be fined, as the woman’s husband shall impose on him, and he shall pay as the judges determine.
23 But if there is harm, then you shall pay life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
Looking at the Hebrew:
V22: When men strive together and hit a pregnant woman,
and her child (yeladeyha) יְלָדֶ֔יהָ [Strong’s 3206: Something born, a lad, offspring]
go forth (weyatse’u) וְיָצְא֣וּ [Strong’s 3318: To go, bring, out, direct and proxim]
Why it is Puzzling:
NRSV and ESV interpret v22 very differently. One situation is that of miscarriage while the other situation is that of premature birth. These two different interpretations greatly affect how we ought to view the worth and value of the unborn.
If miscarriage/death of an unborn is considered to be: “no harm follows” [note that the word ‘further’ in v22 of NRSV is not in the original and should be ignored] and then it merely warrants a fine, then it follows that the unborn does not worth so much. But if it is a premature birth, then the baby is also afforded the eye for eye protection and so it follows that the unborn also has the worth and value of a human life.
Below is a list of factors one should consider when determining which translation is the more accurate one.
>> Majority of authoritative translations are aligned with ESV rather than NRSV.
>> There is a proper Hebrew word for miscarry and yet it is not used by the author here. In fact, the word is used just nearby in Exodus 23:26, “None shall miscarry (meshakelah) or be barren in your land.” But yet this word is not used here.
>> Weyatse’u never refers to miscarry in the Bible, and whenever it is used in the context of birth, it always refers to live birth in the Bible. E.g. birth of Esau (Gen. 25:25)
>> There are words in the OT for embryo (Psalm 139:16) or stillborn (Job 3:16) yet such words are not used, instead, the word yeladeyha is used and it is an ordinary word for children and never refers to miscarried children.
>> V22 “but there is no harm” should refer to no harm to both mother and child. If the author only wished to refer to the mother (no harm to the mother and not including the baby), he could have easily indicated it in the Hebrew but yet it was left in a general manner, so it makes more sense to view it as referring to both mother and baby. Same for v23 “But if there is harm”.
The Point:
Verse 22 paints the picture of a baby born prematurely and is protected with the same sanctions as the mother. If the child is injured, there is to be recompense as with the injury of the mother.
Therefore this text cannot be used by pro-choice advocates to show that the Bible regards the unborn as less human or less worthy of protection than those who are born.
Furthermore:
Luke 1:13-15; 39-45.
Birth of John the Baptist Foretold
13 But the angel said to him, “Do not be afraid, Zechariah, for your prayer has been heard, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John. 14 And you will have joy and gladness, and many will rejoice at his birth, 15 for he will be great before the Lord. And he must not drink wine or strong drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother’s womb.
Mary Visits Elizabeth
39 In those days Mary arose and went with haste into the hill country, to a town in Judah, 40 and she entered the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth. 41 And when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, the baby leaped in her womb. And Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit, 42 and she exclaimed with a loud cry, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb! 43 And why is this granted to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? 44 For behold, when the sound of your greeting came to my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy. 45 And blessed is she who believed that there would be a fulfillment of what was spoken to her from the Lord.”
These verses show that the unborn is a person because…
>> In the NT, only persons are filled with the Spirit.
>> In Luke 2:16, the exact word for “baby” (v41) is used to refer to baby Jesus in a manger. The author did not use any special word for the unborn in the womb but an ordinary word for living babies.
>> In v44 – the unborn can respond to their environment and can feel emotions (joy) even inside the womb.
by 赛贤 吴 | January 3, 2025 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
新年新希望 吴赛贤
新希望这首歌是首轻快且充满喜乐及盼望的歌曲,也是乐龄弟兄姐妹在新的一年或新春的时候常会唱的一首歌。
歌词如下:
有主在我心裡 我总是觉得心裡充满欢乐 有主做我朋友 我总是觉得生活无忧无虑
有主赐我恩惠 我总是觉得我有了新希望 祂已赐给了 我们永生的新生命 新生命
讚美我慈爱的耶稣 歌颂我慈爱的耶稣 祂曾为我们一切的罪过 被钉在十架上
讚美我主耶稣 歌颂我主耶稣 祂爱我更深 我总是觉得我满足又喜乐
2024年圣旦节过后的第七天,2025年正式上任了,很多人都盼望新年有新希望,2024年是世界公认二十多年来最糟的一个年头,在2000年时当年盛传世人害怕的千禧年电脑程序病毒—“Y2K” 当年造成的恐慌都不比2024年叫人惊心胆跳,无论东方到西方,各国各民族之间的纠纷及战乱,恐怕会提升为第三次世界大战或核战的爆发,实事的确如此,回顾过去历史告诉我们,世人的“贪与欲“、”自我与雄霸”的野心,发起了第一和第二世界大战,尤其是第二世界大战,它历时8年,把84个国家和地区、20多亿人口卷入战火,造成伤亡1亿多人。。这惨痛的经历叫人难以释怀,世人心中的“罪”若不除去,第三、第四次世界大战的提早来临是迟早的事了。
新希望这首歌提醒世人,人类心中的“罪瘤“是无法靠人类自己解决的,也不是这世界高科技或超高医学能有办法除去的,因为圣经已告诉我们:”因为罪的工价乃是死“;然而下半句说;惟有神的恩赐,在我们的主基督耶稣里,乃是永生。罗6:23
歌词中最重要的一句:祂曾为我们一切的罪过 被钉在十架上,那就是耶稣,是世人的救世主!
耶稣十字架上所流的宝血能除去我们世人的“罪“,也赐下永生的新生命给信靠祂的人,带来新希望同时也赐平安与喜乐,在新的一年我们虽然不知到未来将如何,但我们知道在耶稣基督里有平安。
“瞻前顾后”:回顾过去,展望未来
by Evan Chan | December 26, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
(蔡杰奇执事著)
每年的这个时候,特别适合进行一次“瞻前顾后”的反思。这里说的“瞻前顾后”可不是抱怨“去年计划没完成,今年又得忙这些事”,而是一个真实的回顾和展望,特别是对我们信徒来说,灵命的“回顾”和“瞻望”是大有裨益的。
每到年末,我喜欢和弟兄姐妹们聊聊:“你今年最大的成就是什么?”“明年有什么目标?”不过每次发现,能够真心回答这些问题的并不多。很多人没有定期反思和规划的习惯,错过了灵命成长的重要机会。
作为信徒,回顾过去一年的意义在于“交账”——我们如何管理自己的时间、精力、金钱、机会?是不是有些地方做得不好?如果有,就要悔改;如果有进步和恩典,那就要感恩。圣经中,神在哈该书里四次对以色列人说:“你们要反省”(哈该书1:5, 7;2:5;2:18)。那时,以色列人重建圣殿遇到挫折,变得沮丧,开始忙于“为自己的房屋奔波”,忽视了神的殿。神提醒他们:你们真正重视的是什么?
我们也常常因为生活中的忙碌、种种压力、诱惑,而迷失了对神的关注。所以,定期反思灵命十分重要,它帮助我们发现问题,及时调整。就像车子需要定期保养一样,灵命也需要时常“体检”,确保走在正确的道路上。
展望新的一年,我们也需要设立目标、规划方向,预判可能的挑战和机会。保罗在腓利比书中提到:“弟兄们,我不以为自己已经得着了,我只有一件事,就是忘记背后,努力前面的事,向着目标竭力追求,为要得着神在基督耶稣里召我往上去得的奖赏”(腓利比书3:13-14)。保罗为基督的奖赏不懈努力,他都不敢松懈,我们又怎能不思进取、甘于平庸呢?
亲爱的朋友,回顾一下你今年的灵命。今年有哪些进步,哪些地方需要调整?有没有可以改掉的习惯,或者设立新的目标?展望2025年,你打算做出什么改变?
别等到年底才想:“哎呀,又一年过去了,什么都没做!”从今天开始,让我们做一个有目标、有计划、不断追求灵命成长的人吧。
Confession
by Evan Chan | December 19, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
In Richard Foster’s book “Celebration of Discipline”, Confession is listed as a Corporate Discipline. I was quite surprised to see something which I had not expected to be a Discipline included as such. Indeed, the author himself makes this point, asking the question “Isn’t confession a grace instead of a Discipline?” He then answers himself – “It is both.” [1] By looking at Confession as a discipline, I began to see that confession is indeed something that we should practice so that we can grow spiritually.
“Confessionals” were an integral part of church life in the early church. One would regularly go to the priest to confess, obtain absolution, and pay a penance. Over time, this practice brought about unbiblical practices, such as the selling of indulgences. During the Reformation, such practices were questioned and eventually rooted out. Reformation leader Martin Luther also opposed the idea that only priests could hear confessions and give absolution, believing instead in the priesthood of all believers. Reformation eventually lead to the discontinuation of Confessionals in the Protestant church. Today, only the Catholic and Orthodox churches continue to practice Confession as a sacrament. It has become a lost art in most evangelical churches.
Foster also addresses another question: why should Confession be a Corporate Discipline? Shouldn’t confession be “a private matter between the individual and God.” Again he answers it himself – it is both. We need to confess our sins both as individuals and the body of Christ.
In James 5:16, the Bible admonishes us to “confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another.” It is clear that Christians should confess our sins to one another as part of our spiritual growth, even though we do not need to practice it as a sacrament.
I think for us, the main challenge lies in making Confession an integral part of both our personal devotion and our church practice. Some may think that we already ask for God’s forgiveness in our personal prayers, and we also confess our sins as part of corporate prayers during worship service. But most of time, such confessions are quite shallow and general. They do not adequately cover these three steps (attributed to St. Alphonsus Liguori): an examination of conscience, sorrow, and a determination to avoid sin. [2]
For more mature Christians, there is also a need to learn to hear the confessions of other brothers and sisters. We do not have to be ordained ministers to proclaim the forgiveness of sins to those who have confessed their sins. The have already been forgiven through Jesus Christ, who gave us salvation. Our role is to provide assurance and support so that they can express their sorrow, and be accountable to changing their behaviour to avoid sin.
Through the Discipline of Confession, may we be reminded of our own weaknesses and continually go humbly before God to seek forgiveness and strength to change our ways. May we also help others to discern their weaknesses and encourage them to confess their sins, supporting them in their spiritual growth.
[1] Richard Foster, Celebration of Discipline (PerfectBound, 1998), 145.
[2] Ibid., 151.
君王诗:神的弥赛亚是王
by hon | December 13, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
“你的宝座是永永远远的,/你国的权杖是公平的权杖。”(诗45:6,新译本)
诗篇的作者藉着诗的语言,除了表述对神的赞美、感恩与信靠之外,也毫无保留地向神陈明他的难处,向神或发出哀求,或发出抗议,或作无声的哭泣;另外,诗人也以诗篇作为承载训诲和教导的文体,灌输以神为中心的伦理观与敬虔操练。而在阅读这些诗篇时,我们也许就会发现,这些诗篇尽管内容不一,但是有些时候似乎却有相同的描述对象/主题——君王:也许是君王向神献上赞美(赞美诗),也许是君王向神感恩/王的臣民为王向神感恩(感恩诗)等。这一类的诗篇,也就是我们所谓的君王诗(kingship/royal psalms)。而君王诗跟智慧诗一样,都不是以形式而是以内容/主题作为归类的要素。
按这样的分类,150篇的诗篇,笼统而言,大概有15篇可以称为君王诗:诗2篇、诗18篇、诗20篇、诗21篇、诗45篇、诗47篇、诗72篇、诗89篇、诗93篇、诗97篇、诗99篇、诗101篇、诗110篇、诗132篇及诗144篇。其中,诗47篇、诗93篇、诗97篇和诗99篇是所谓的“耶和华为王诗篇”(YHWH-kingship psalms),这些诗篇的君王,指的是神自己, 强调的是耶和华作王以及耶和华的王权。
比如诗93篇就是很典型的“耶和华为王诗篇”,在短短的5节里,诗人就热烈地颂赞耶和华神这位大君王的威严与能力,指出祂宝座的亘古长存,并承认祂的圣洁与法度的可靠与确定。在诗47篇里,诗人则是大声呼吁众人来尊崇这位“统治全地”、“使万民臣服在(他们)脚下”的大君王。耶和华神是唯一的集焦点。
其他11篇的君王,则是指以色列所立的王,重点常常在于为王向神感恩或为王向神求恩,或是庆贺一些与王有关的事件,比如;王的登基庆典;事实上,这类关乎登基的诗篇,偶尔也称为“登基诗篇”(coronation psalms)。
诗72篇就是一首为王祈求的诗篇。祈求神赐给王有公正有公义,能为穷苦人伸张正义,能为国家带来太平盛世,并他的名能存到永远。这首诗的小题标明是所罗门王的作品,因此,很可能是他为自己的祈求,也作为以后为其他即位的王的祈求。诗45篇的小题则让我们看到这是一首爱歌,一首讲述的王的婚礼的诗篇;其中45:8-15,更让听众读者感受到一位满有威荣的王,其婚礼的盛况!
在这几篇君王诗里头,诗2篇以及诗110篇特别值得留意。
诗2篇是极具代表性的“登基诗篇”,因为诗人特别指出,在大卫宝座上的王,是耶和华神亲自膏立的:“受膏者说:我要传圣旨。/耶和华曾对我说:你是我的儿子,/我今日生你。”(诗2:7,和合本)以色列的君王与外邦的君王最大的分别,就在于他的王位是神所授予的,而他的责任与任务,就是成为耶和华神在地上、在祂子民中间的代表(a Regent;类似中国古代的摄政王),治理、引导与保护他们。诗人清楚指出,王的一切产业与得胜都在乎耶和华神。
诗110篇也表达了类似的思想。诗人一开篇就说:“耶和华对我主说:/‘你坐在我的右边,/等我使你的仇敌作你的脚凳。’”并应许王必要“在(他)的仇敌中掌权。”王的一切福祉与荣耀,都是耶和华神的恩赐。这是以色列每一位登上宝座的王必须认清并谨记的事实。
藉着这些“登基诗篇”,诗人也同时指出——以色列理想的君王,乃是全心倚靠神、忠于神之所托的君王。这是以色列每一位登上宝座的王对自己当有的期许。
然而,古以色列的历史却一再让我们看到以色列历代君王与这些诗篇中所描述的王都相去甚远;即便王国黄金时代的2位明君贤王——大卫和所罗门——终究也是无法躲开罪恶通过权力财富带来的堕落与败坏。也因此,这些“登基诗篇”中那理想的王,在犹太人自王国分裂以至灭国被掳以至被掳归回的代代传唱中,渐渐地唱成一个盼望:对耶和华神藉着先知们所宣告的拯救者、那将要到来的弥赛亚的盼望。事实上,这些诗篇尽管有其时代的背景,但诗歌中所表述的内容,很多时候却超越了当时代的背景,只能在神所应许的弥赛亚身上得到成全。因此,这些“登基诗篇”也常被称为“弥赛亚诗篇”(the messianic psalms)。
只不过——那位耶和华神所膏立、耶和华神的灵要降在他身上的王,那位专心倚靠耶和华神、全然顺服耶和华神的心意的王,他什么时候要到来呢?这个问题在漫长400多年的沉默时期里,在辗转于不同政治铁蹄下的犹太人心中回荡成巨大的响声;因此,当天使告诉野地里的牧羊人那“包着布,卧在马槽里”的小婴孩,就是救主,就是基督(弥赛亚)时,他们迫不及待地就跑去查看;当人们听说施洗的约翰在约旦河一带宣讲悔改的洗礼时,他们会簇拥而去,并且“猜想会不会约翰就是基督”;当耶稣的门徒亲眼见证他所行的桩桩件件的神迹奇事时,他们在害怕存疑的同时,却也一直紧紧跟随着他……。因为他们记得,神“已经在锡安(祂)的圣山上,/立了(祂)的君王。”(诗2:6)因为他们想起,“你们要用嘴亲吻子,/否则他一发怒,你们就在路上灭亡;/因为他的怒气快要发作。”(诗2:12)因为他们一直在等待,等待“必为民间的困苦人伸冤,/拯救贫穷人,/粉碎那欺压人的”、“必像日月一样长久,/直到万代”(诗72:5)的那一位,那位神藉着诗人的传唱应许的弥赛亚。
这个主日是将临节的第三个主日(3rd Sunday of Advent)。将临节期是一个等候与盼望的节期。我们远比当年的犹太人要幸运也幸福许多,因为他们所等候所盼望的,来到我们已成为事实;耶和华神的弥赛亚已经临到,耶和华神的救赎也已经开展。但是,我们却也仍然与他们一同等候与盼望着——等候盼望着神国度终极而彻底的成全,一如弥赛亚诗篇所应许的: “你的宝座是永永远远的,/你国的权杖是公平的权杖。”等候与盼望,从来不是容易的事;然而,等候炼就盼望,盼望就能坚持。这个将临节里,也许这几篇的君王诗能够帮助我们更好地等候与盼望。
Puzzling Passages #5 – Justified Human Sacrifice?
by Chang Loong | December 5, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
Puzzling Passage: Genesis 22:1-14
1 Some time later God tested Abraham. He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am,” he replied. 2 Then God said, “Take your son, your only son, whom you love—Isaac—and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him there as a burnt offering on a mountain I will show you.” 3 Early the next morning Abraham got up and loaded his donkey. He took with him two of his servants and his son Isaac. When he had cut enough wood for the burnt offering, he set out for the place God had told him about. 4 On the third day Abraham looked up and saw the place in the distance. 5 He said to his servants, “Stay here with the donkey while I and the boy go over there. We will worship and then we will come back to you.” 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and placed it on his son Isaac, and he himself carried the fire and the knife. As the two of them went on together, 7 Isaac spoke up and said to his father Abraham, “Father?” “Yes, my son?” Abraham replied. “The fire and wood are here,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?” 8 Abraham answered, “God himself will provide the lamb for the burnt offering, my son.” And the two of them went on together. 9 When they reached the place God had told him about, Abraham built an altar there and arranged the wood on it. He bound his son Isaac and laid him on the altar, on top of the wood. 10 Then he reached out his hand and took the knife to slay his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am,” he replied. 12 “Do not lay a hand on the boy,” he said. “Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son.” 13 Abraham looked up and there in a thicket he saw a ram caught by its horns. He went over and took the ram and sacrificed it as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 So Abraham called that place The Lord Will Provide. And to this day it is said, “On the mountain of the Lord it will be provided.”
Right from verse 1, we see God calling for Abraham to sacrifice Isaac in order to test Abraham. It was not an easy test because verse 2 says Isaac is his only son, and so the promise to him having uncountable descendants is at stake here. Yet verse 5 shows us that Abraham believes he will be back with his only son unscathed. In verse 10, we see God assess whether Abraham passed the test by looking at Abraham’s intentions. Just with Abraham taking the knife, God already considered it done. What new knowledge did God gain through this whole incident? Verse 12 states: “Now I know that you fear God because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son.” Note that the attribute of God that the author wishes to highlight in this whole episode is: “God sees”, or “God provides” (v14).
Why it is Puzzling:
It is puzzling to find a good God asking His follower to murder an innocent person. A good God would not ask people to do immoral things. Elsewhere in the Bible, we see in many places where God Himself condemns child sacrifices. So how can Abraham be justified in proceeding with the plan to kill an innocent person?
Alternative interpretation:
Keep the focus on Abraham passing a test (v1 & v12). Does Abraham trust in God’s promises? Since Isaac is his “only son” (v2) – if Isaac died, then the promise of a nation from Abraham’s descendants becomes lost. So Abraham has to believe that God will miraculously raise Isaac from the dead.
Hebrews 11:17-19 states:
“By faith Abraham, when God tested him, offered Isaac as a sacrifice. He who had embraced the promises was about to sacrifice his one and only son, even though God had said to him, “It is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned.” Abraham reasoned that God could even raise the dead, and so in a manner of speaking he did receive Isaac back from death.”
Verse 5 is significant for even before Abraham set off, he already knew Isaac would return unharmed. Two big questions emerge out of this episode: Why can Abraham be so confident that: 1) he really heard such violent instructions from God and 2) God is able to return Isaac unharmed?
From Gen. 12-21, we see God having a unique relationship with Abraham, appearing to him, speaking to him in very personal ways, and performing miracles for him. This would mean Abraham’s receiving violent instruction from God is unique and unrepeatable since nobody else can claim to have such unique experiences with God. So if a person says he heard from God to kill his colleague and justify it with Gen. 22, it will not work because he cannot claim to have the experiences of Gen. 12-21 to give him the confidence that 1) it is really from God, and 2) the victim will turn out unharmed in the end.
However, there are still issues with such an interpretation:
It still does not answer the question of why would God test Abraham in such a manner – using human sacrifice. God could perhaps test Abraham by asking him to give up all his material wealth. In answering that, we need to first affirm that God needs to know that Abraham fear him (v12); that Abraham honors God/ have high regard for God. Other things like wealth may not work because maybe Abraham was not so concerned about wealth, so God had to make Abraham sacrifice what was dearest to him. The other possibility, which is admittedly speculation (as this thought is not explicitly stated in the Bible) is that Abraham sacrificing his only son might be something that gives God a judicial right to sacrifice his own Son. Only when God can find a human willing to sacrifice his only son for God can God have the judicial right to sacrifice His only Son for the world.
Many have preached on this passage and have taught on how we can apply Gen. 22: be like Abraham!
The “be like Abraham” sermon goes like this: since Abraham sacrificed Isaac for the Lord, what are the things you value that God is asking you to sacrifice for Him? However, this will not work because you are applying specific instructions that are specifically directed at Abraham – and that is only specific to Abraham and no one else. For example, if someone says he senses God telling him to give up Netflix based on Gen. 22, then what is stopping another person from saying he senses God telling him to kill his goldfish? So you see this kind of interpretation can be very dangerous. So don’t even go there.
It is a better fit to apply Gen. 22 like this: Abraham obeyed God, trusting God would provide while not knowing how God would provide, such that Isaac will remain unharmed and he will continue to have many descendants through Isaac. This will work because you are applying information about God’s unchanging attributes that emerged from the narrative. The character of God being trustworthy (He will provide) and the attribute of God being all-powerful (He can provide). And this coheres with the author’s intention in the first place.
For example, James 1:5 says: “ If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you.”
Rightly applying Gen. 22, we would not know how wisdom will be given to us when we ask – maybe the wise thoughts just enter our subconscious. Or maybe through friends offering us good counsel. Or Maybe a random advert we see on the bus triggers some wise thoughts. We do not know how, but we know that if we ask, we will receive since from Abraham’s story, we know that God is trustworthy and all-powerful and His promise to us in James 1:5 will hold true.
The point:
Be very clear as to what is unique to Abraham (therefore cannot apply to us) and what we can apply in Gen. 22. Making sacrifices for God is a legit application, for example, from verses like Matt. 16:24. The danger of drawing such applications from Gen. 22 is the possible extreme application from extremists finding justification to harm innocent living beings from an instruction from God that is essentially unrepeatable due to the unique relationship Abraham has with God.
出于神的必遵行神的话
by Evan Chan | November 28, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
(吴赛贤传道著)
约8:42「耶稣说:『倘若神是你们的父,你们就必爱我;因为我本是出于神,也是从神而来,并不是由着自己来,乃是祂差我来。」
43耶稣继续说:你们为什么不明白我的话呢?无非是因你们不能听我的道。 你们是出于你们的父魔鬼,你们父的私欲你们偏要行。他从起初是杀人的,不守真理,因他心里没有真理。我将真理告诉你们,你们就因此不信我。 你们中间谁能指证我有罪呢?我既然将真理告诉你们,为什么不信我呢? 出于神的必听神的话,你们不听,因为你们不是出于神。”
约8:3「文士和法利赛人,带着一个行淫时被拿的妇人来,叫她站在当中。」,文士和法利赛人「带着一个行淫时被拿的妇人来」:这种罪不可能只有一个人犯,此处不见那个犯罪的男人,明明是可以藉着公会来处置的,明显看得出整个事件是他们故意设计要来陷害主耶稣。他们对耶稣说:『夫子,这妇人是正行淫之时被拿的。」
这妇人所犯的罪是『行淫』,从另一个角度也表征世人在神面前都犯了淫乱的罪,就是向神不贞洁,在神之外还有许多的贪恋(林后11:2-3)。也就是说世人所犯的一切罪,在神看来,都是淫乱。人是神藉着祂自己的旨意所造的,是属神的。所以一个人若不为着神而活着,在神之外另有爱慕、追求,就是犯了属灵的淫乱。
面对试探,耶稣蹲在地上—约8:8「于是又弯着腰用指头在地上画字。」,接着对文士和法利赛人说:『你们中间谁是没有罪的,谁就可以先拿石头打她。』」,约8:9「他们听见这话,就从老到少一个一个的都出去了;只剩下耶稣一人,还有那妇人仍然站在当中。」,「耶稣就直起腰来,对她说:『妇人,那些人在那里呢?没有人定你的罪么?』」,约8:11「她说:『主阿,没有。』耶稣说:『我也不定你的罪;去罢;从此不要再犯罪了。』」
耶稣责备文士和法利赛人:「你们是以外貌判断人」。。。他们乃是为了试探耶稣,要得着告祂的把柄而设,其实也在指出世人的骄傲和反叛,不信神的世人就是如此。约8:12「耶稣又对众人说:『我是世界的光;跟从我的,就不在黑暗里走,必要得着生命的光。』」,「跟从我的,就不在黑暗里走」:这里暗指祂就是引导神子民的火柱,更是生命的光!,耶稣也说:「还有差我来的父与我同在」:即与父联合。耶稣说:『差我来的父』表明祂一直清楚自己的使命。
约1:18「若是认识我,也就认识我的父」:道与神同在,道就是神;在父怀里的独生子,将父表明出来。因此,人只要认识子,就认识父;不认识子,就不认识父。认识神的人必属于神也必遵行神的话,因为他们被称为神的儿女。
信靠诗:神是磐石,是保障
by hon | November 14, 2024 | Bulletin | 0 Comments
“神啊!求祢保守我,因为我投靠祢。”(诗16:1,新译本)
“我要向山举目,
我的帮助从何而来?
我的帮助从造天地的耶和华而来,
我的帮助从造天地的耶和华而来。”
“信靠耶和华的人,好像是锡安山,
永不动摇,永不动摇,
哈利路亚!
哈利路亚!(x4)
众山围绕耶路撒冷,主也围绕你,
直到永远,直到永远,
哈利路亚!
哈利路亚!(x4) ”
看着这两小段短歌歌词,我们大概会不自禁地哼起一些熟悉的曲调,并且马上就想起它们的原出处——诗121篇以及诗125篇。
这两篇以“山”为引介,指向耶和华神的大能与可靠的诗篇,是除开赞美诗、悔罪诗、感恩诗及智慧诗的另一内容类型——信靠诗(Psalms of trust)。
信靠诗的内容,一如其名,表达的就是诗人对神的良善与恒长的眷顾的坚定信心。这些诗篇的处境,常常都与诗人身陷困境有关,因此偶尔也会出现诗人的哀叹和祈求,带有一些哀歌的色彩,只不过重点突出的,却是神的可信可靠。
以此为内容的诗篇,主要有诗11篇、诗16篇、诗27篇、诗62-63篇、诗91篇、诗121篇、诗125篇,还有诗131篇。我们大多数人都朗朗上口的诗23篇,也是属于信靠诗。
信靠诗除了一般都以宣告对神的信靠作为开场之外(比如:诗11:1“我投靠耶和华”、诗27:1“耶和华是我的亮光,是我的救恩,/我还怕谁呢?”等),基本上并没有太特定的形式,不过倒是有一些共同的元素。这些诗篇通常会带有(1)内里的哀叹,不过主要是作为引发该诗篇本身的背景,并不会像哀歌那样,着重描写面对的痛苦/磨难;这些诗篇也常会(2)呼吁他人(会众)与诗人一起仰望神信靠神;也因此,这些诗篇也常会提及信靠神的基础——很多时候是通过讲述神的属性或祂在历史上的作为来指出祂是配得信靠的。
除了这些共同的元素之外,信靠诗的另一个特色就是其用以形容神作为诗人可信靠的对象的形象用语。在诗11篇与诗16篇中,诗人说他要“投靠”(take refuge)神;“投靠”这个动词,在希伯来文中,带有“荫庇”的意思,就如人在树荫下寻求遮蔽日光的曝晒,以此指向神的可以信靠。神是牧羊人(诗23:1),会保护祂的羊群。神是亮光(诗27:1),在危险与死亡的黑暗中,诗人却可以放胆说:“我还怕谁呢?”。神也是“磐石”(诗62:2),形象地强调了神就如磐石一般坚实稳固的可信靠。等等。
诗人藉着这些形象语言,生动地向他的听众读者们描绘了神的无比可信靠可倚赖,也为我们提供了更丰富的祷告语汇,殷殷敦促着我们去到神的面前,寻求祂的庇护和帮助。
在这些信靠诗中,诗91篇是很有趣的一篇。
乍一读去,也许会觉得这篇诗篇似乎有点“杂乱”,因为在不长不短的16节里头,似乎有多过一个“声音”——
vv.1-2 是诗人向神表达他的信靠的声音;他以第一人称(1st person)说:“我要对耶和华说:/ ‘祢是我的避难所,我的保障,/祢是我的神,我所倚靠的。’”
但在 vv.3-13 里头,却变成了另一个声音以旁观者的角度, “告诉”vv.1-2 中的“我”关于神对他的眷顾和保护
v.3“祂(神)必救你(vv.1-2中的‘我’)脱离……/”
v.4“你要投靠在祂……/”
vv.5-6“你不必害怕……/”
v.7“……灾害必不临近你……”……等等。
v.9 的“你既然把耶和华当作自己的避难所”更是回应了v.2 “我”说的话。vv.10-13 基本上可以说是这个旁观者在向“我”保证说,“我”既然以耶和华为避难所,那么“我”就会蒙受从耶和华而来的这一切的保护和眷顾。
然后也就在这里,耶和华亲自发声了。vv.14-16 可说是耶和华神对 vv.3-13 的一个确认与肯定,确认祂真是要如此保护诗人(“我”),肯定祂的确要这样眷顾他。
作为一篇信靠诗,诗91篇的这3个声音,让我们从几方面重新认识“信靠”。首先,信靠的对象。我们信靠的是谁?是那“至高者”,是那“全能者”——这是一个客观的事实,不会因着我们面对困境苦痛而有所改变。陷在危难苦难中,我们的心难免摇摆,我们的信也有疑惑的时候,但是,我们所相信的那一位,却是永不改变的至高者,所以即便在恶劣的处境邪恶的势力中,祂仍有绝对的主权;祂也是永不改变的全能者,所以情况再怎么燃眉再怎样暴烈,祂必然能够救拔。
其次,信靠的结果。因为诗人以至高全能的耶和华神为他的避难所、他的保障,因此,他就必得享全然的保护与眷顾。 vv.3-13 通过争战的语言,形容一种完全而彻底的得胜,这——是信靠的必然结果。身陷痛苦和急难之中,我们也许看不到这样的得胜,甚至盼不到这样的得胜;事实上,在罪恶仍然肆虐的世界里,如此完全而彻底的得胜就某个角度而言,是不可能的。作为撒旦用以试探耶稣的源经文(见太4:6,路4:9-11),耶稣自然也清楚这诗篇所应许的得胜,只不过,他却也同时最清楚事实与这个应许的差距——他非但无法避开祸患,反而招惹了被钉十字架的大祸;而且,神的使者显然的也没有在他前往十字架的路上保护他。然而,然而,恰恰就是这样的看似败得一塌糊涂,却至终成就了那叫人永远无法明白的完全而彻底的得胜——耶稣复活了!那差遣他来到我们中间、他所信靠的至高全能的父神按着祂自己的信实,叫他复活了!
而这也是诗91篇让我们看到关于“信靠”的第三个认识——信靠应许的落实者。耶和华神自己必要信实地成全祂所应许的得胜。我们信靠的对象,是至高全能的神,也是信守应许的神。因此,祂既说“我必搭救他”、“我必保护他”、“我必与他同在”、“我必……”,那么,祂就必然在祂的时间里,按着祂所说的成全了,即便好些时候看起来,更像是耶稣自己曾经亲身体验的差距。
信靠诗从来没有否定困境苦难的处境,但是,诗人却提醒并鼓励我们要注目于那位至高全能且信实的神,并要记得——祂自己的爱子道成了肉身,来到我们中间,在至极的苦难中坚定地信靠到底,而后得以全然而彻底地得胜。
如此地注目,如此地记得,我们也许就慢慢地能够也像诗人们那样说:“神啊!……我投靠祢;/祢是我的主,我的好处不在祢以外。”